Othello The Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Play - 1219 Words

A tragic hero is a noble and virtuous character in a dramatic tragedy, destined for downfall, suffering and defeat. The character has a fatal flaw, with combined external forces brings on a tragedy. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, it is a play of revenge, anger, jealousy, heartbreak and remorse. Set in the streets of Venice and Cyprus, Othello is the general of the Venetian army, and chose Cassio to be his lieutenant, with Iago who was appointed to Othello’s ancient was very angry about this decision. Iago thinks he deserved the role of lieutenant and decides to seek revenge against Othello. Iago decides to put fake ideas of Desdemona, Othello’s wife, and Cassio’s affair into his head. Othello whose flawswho has flaws is overcome with these thoughts that he goes mad with jealousy and ends up killing Desdemona with his bare hands. Afterwards, the truth comes out that it was Iago who made up these false assumptions, Othello is overcome with mis ery but realizes it was his fault, and at the end takes his own life. Othello became a tragic hero by having noble characteristics but also having deadly flaws, having his flaws played on by external forces which leads him to commit an irreversible mistake, showing remorse over his crimes and finally dying as a noble man. Othello rose to be a great and highly respected general, but through a series of fatal events met his ultimate downfall, effectively becoming a Shakespearean tragic hero. Throughout the story, OthelloShow MoreRelatedShakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1517 Words   |  7 Pageswho is Aristotle and why does he label Shakespeare’s play, Othello, as a tragedy? Aristotle is a famous Greek philosopher who defines Shakespeare’s character, Othello, as a tragic hero. Many parts in Othello tell the readers that the play is a tragedy, such as jealousy, arguing, and death, which makes the play famous and delightful to read. Aristotle has identified many common traits or characteristics that a tragic hero requires. In Shakespeare s play, Aristotle defines many features that causeRead MoreOthello is Not a Tragic Hero Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesOthello has been described as one of William Shakespeare’s most popular plays because the play focuses on its themes of good and evil, military, politics, love and marriage, religion, racial prejudice, gender conflict, and sexuality; but the controversy and debate surrounding Othello is  "Why is Othello a qualification for a tragedy?† Most readers are aware of the many famous deaths or acts of death within the Shakespearean plays. And when the main characters die in Shakespeare’s plays, indeedRead More Othello, The Moor of Venice Essay examples1319 Words   |  6 PagesOthello, the Moor of Venice is one of the major tragedies written by William Shakespeare that follows the main character, Othello through his trials and tribulations. Othello, the Moor of Venice is similar to William Shakespeare’s other tragedies and follows a set of specific rules of drama. The requirements include, following the definition of a tragedy, definition of tragic hero, containing a reversal of fortune, and a descent from happiness. William Shakespeare fulfills Aristotle’s requirementsRead MoreWhy Is Othello A Tragic Hero1465 Words   |  6 Pagestheatre. Among Shakespeare’s more notable plays are his tragedies. In the tragedy his protagonists are often given flaws in their character and hence, are suita bly named tragic heroes. The downfall of these protagonists is often a result of their own character flaws and unfortunately, they suffer a doomed and unhappy ending. While the tragic hero is flawed they must also be honorable and worthy of the audience’s understanding and sympathy. On a quest for righteousness the tragic hero often goesRead MoreOthello: The Tragedy of an Aristotelian Tragic Hero Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeares play, â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice,† is a powerful example of a tragedy and it’s main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotles requirements. Othello also matches Aristotles ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othe llo As A Tragic Hero1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn literature tragic heroes can be defined as a character that makes a flawed judgment that inevitably leads to their own demise. William Shakespeare’s Othello the Moore of Venice is a play about a heroic individual that goes through a tragic event based on his decisions throughout the play. Many of the characters that Shakespeare presents in his plays reveal attitudes and value that is reflective of both the Elizabethan society in sixteenth century England and William Shakespeare; these values areRead MoreTragic Hero in Othelo by William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesConventions of Othello Shakespeare has been a part of the American Society for many years. Compared to other Authors, he has a different style of writing but within his own writings, they are all very much alike. He has written many plays including Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare was a man who wrote plays that followed the same literary conventions. These conventions included tragic hero, fallacy, irony, and also suspense. A tragic hero is a male figure who is high in society and one whoRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Othello1613 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on a tragic hero who possesses a flaw which ultimately leads to their downfall. In fact, Aristotle prescribes the three most important points to any tragedy to be hamartia, a tragic flaw in the tragic hero’s character that brings about his downfall, catharsis, a purgation of the audience’s emotions and anagnorisis, the character’s revelation of some fact not previously realized. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, Othello is an excellent example of an Aristotelian tragic hero. He was a characterRead MoreIs Othello a Tragic Hero? Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can Othello be considered a ‘tragic hero’? The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotle’s established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a highRead Moreâ€Å"Othello’s Virtue and Valour Ultimately Make Him Admirable.† to What Extent Do You Agree with This View?1031 Words   |  5 Pagesidea of heroism is one often associated with virtue, courage and valour. Within Othello, Shakespeare questions the meaning behind heroism and admirability in the context of a Venetian society, in which the play is set. Through the tragic descent of Othello’s composure and his actions, the audience is left to wonder whether or not his virtue and presentation as an admirable general a nd hero, actually exists. Act 1 of the play presents Othellos decisions and behaviour as the epitome of virtue and valour

Essay on Econ 102 Quiz - 1479 Words

Econ 102 quiz 1 Question 1 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points Economics is best defined as the study of A. financial decision-making B. how consumers make purchasing decisions. C. choices made by people faced with scarcity. D. inflation, unemployment, and economic growth Answer Key: C Question 2 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points Macroeconomics differs from microeconomics in that A. macroeconomics is the study of individual markets, while microeconomics deals with the nations economy as a whole. B. microeconomics is the study of individual markets, while macroeconomics deals with the nations economy as a whole. C. macroeconomics focuses principally on social and†¦show more content†¦C. includes measures of the underground economy. D. includes measures of changes of quality of life associated with producing output. Answer Key: B Econ 102 quiz 2 Question 1 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points Business cycles are A. movements in stock prices. B. the transfer of executives between firms. C. used to describe fluctuations in GDP. D. a description of the time required to bring a new product to market. Answer Key: C Question 2 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points Economists define the unemployed as individuals who are A. not currently working. B. not currently working but are actively looking for work. C. working but looking for a different job. D. working less than their desired amount of time. Answer Key: B Question 3 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points Economists define the labor force to include A. only people who are working full time. B. people who are working. C. people who are not working but are actively looking for a job, and people who are working. D. all individuals of work age, regardless of whether they are working or looking for a job. Answer Key: C Question 4 of 10 10.0/ 10.0 Points People who want to work but have stopped looking for work because they could not find jobs after actively searching are calledShow MoreRelatedVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesscore on the second midterm. Which combination of scores would Nancy prefer, x1 = 20 and x2 = 70 or x1 = 60 and x2 = 50? (60,50). (e) On the graph above, use blue ink to draw an indiï ¬â‚¬erence curve showing all of the combinations of scores on her econ exams that Nancy likes exactly as well as x1 = 20 and x2 = 70. Also use blue ink to draw an indiï ¬â‚¬erence curve showing the combinations that Nancy likes exactly as well as x1 = 60 and x2 = 50. Does Nancy have convex preferences over these combinationsRead MoreAdvanced Placement Microeconomics23462 Words   |  94 Pagesaccompany Economics Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Ed. Campbell McConnell Stanley Brue AP MICROECONOMICS SEMESTER PLAN Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride TEXT: Economics, Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Edition, McConnell and Brue Video: Econ U$A series with discussion Class Activities: APIP workbook activities, reinforcement and writing activities and other teacher-developed materials This semester-long course gives students a thorough understanding of the principles of economics that

70s Fashion Began Where the 60s Left Off Free Essays

70s fashion began where the 60s left off. Mini skirts were popular and theflower power influence was everywhere. 60s’ trends first adopted by the beautiful people filtered into mainstream wear. We will write a custom essay sample on 70s Fashion Began Where the 60s Left Off or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trousers were flared and shirts had big collars. For men, the kipper tie was soon standard wear with a suit. These girls (above) are at a party in the summer of 1970. They show that the mini skirt was far from dead. 70s’ fashion took on a multitude of different styles and influences. As well as the hippy style of the late sixties, there was nostalgia for the past. First for the 20s and 30s, then the 40s and 50s and finally the Edwardian era. There was also concern for the environment and strong ethnic influences. Men’s fashion adopted a look that would have been considered too feminine a few years earlier. Shirts were tight fitting with big collars and were brightly patterned. There was also a trend towards unisex clothes. The formal suit was still expected to be worn to a dinner party in the 70s; for younger men it was usually only worn in the office or for formal occasions. Jeans, increasingly flared, were popular with men and women for everyday wear. By the end of the decade, change was on the way. Punk rejected everything that had gone before. Mini, midi or maxi The popularity of the mini skirt was challenged in the early 70s and a group of (male) truckers even organised a campaign to bring it back in 1970. However, the mini remained popular in the early years of the 70s, but women now could chose between, mini, midi, (mid-calf length) or maxi (full length) skirts. Hot pants, ultra short shorts, sometimes with a bib and braces, were a variation on the theme. The girl on the above, right, is wearing a pair of navy hot pants with long white socks. Her blouse is in a floral pattern and has a big collar with rounded corners. Longer dresses, inspired by the hippy era of the late sixties, were also in fashion, with paisley or floral patterns being popular. I lived in Portsmouth in 1970/71/72 and was aged 16-18 at that time so had the best of it. Hot pants, mini skirt/dress, long dress and maxi coat, wide brimmed hats, seed bead jewellery and a headband round my head!! I was a true hippy to begin with and went to the Isle of Wight pop festival in 1970. Chris Flares and platform soles Two trends defined the 70s in a fashion sense: flared trousers and platform soles. Flares were derived from the hippy fashion for loon pants of the late 60s. They were worn by men and women. The flare was from the knee and reached exaggerated proportions in the middle years of the 70s. The trousers were often hipsters, sitting on the hips rather than the waist, and tight fitting. The combination of flares and denim made flared jeans the fashion phenomenon of the decade. Platform soles were mainly worn by women and more fashionable men. There were health warnings about damage that could be caused to the back in later life, but the fashion did not last long enough for that to have an effect. There was an element of thirties retro in the style of some of the shoes, which echoed the thirties’ love of two-tone or co-respondent black and cream or brown and cream colours. Bright colours also gave the shoes more of a space age look. Platform soles on eBay Nostalgia Nostalgia had a big influence on fashion in the 70s. Barbara Hulanicki’s Biba label popularised a look derived from the 20s and 30s. There was a brief fashion for loudly checked tweed Oxford Bags for men and women from around 1972. These were usually worn with platform soled shoes in 30s style two-tone patterns. Biba took over venerable, old London department store, Derry and Toms, in 1973 and turned it into an Art Deco palace. The Biba store became a hip meeting place and a complete lifestyle emporium. The Biba look was a long cotton skirt, worn with a long sleeved shirt or smock, and topped with a floppy brimmed hat. Biba was ahead of its time in providing a complete lifestyle store. However, Biba did not make commercial sense; it was more of a place to hang out than to shop. A large part of the store’s floor space was not used to sell merchandise. Big Biba, as the store became known, closed two years later. Laura Ashley, founded by Bernard and Laura Ashley in the 1950s, looked back further when they introduced British women to Edwardian style dresses and nineteenth century inspired floral prints in the mid-70s. Laura Ashley, unlike Biba, was commercially successful and is still going strong today, although sadly Laura Ashley herself met an untimely death in 1985. Formal occasions The 70s were more relaxed than the 60s. However, on formal occasions and in the office men still wore suits. The kipper tie, favoured by the fashionable in the late sixties, became a standard men’s accessory. For women, long dresses were often worn for formal occasions. This wedding, left, is from 1970. The lady’s floppy hat and long dress drew inspiration from the hippy era as well as nostalgia for the 1930s. The brown colour, also derived from the 1930s, was very popular throughout the 70s. Long hair was fashionable for both men and women. Beards were also popular. This again was a hangover from the flower power years of the late 60s. In many peoples’ minds psychedelia was very much in, although the pop music scene had moved on by then. Jeans and the casual look In the more relaxed mood of the 70s, jeans were increasingly popular. Initially little changed from the sixties, but by the mid seventies most people were wearing flares. Printed t-shirts were also increasingly popular in the 70s, as were trainers and canvas shoes. Late 70s fashion By the end of the 70s, flares were still mainstream fashion. This group, left, shows two younger men with long hair. One wears a suede safari jacket with a wide collar and brown, flared trousers. This look was favoured by Brodie and Doyle in the TV series, ‘The Professionals’. The other young man with a short leather jacket and flared blue jeans is more casual and younger looking. The older man has a beard (a very fashionable look in the 70s) and wears a wet-look type anorak. The woman is wearing a suit. Flares, denim, long hair and cheesecloth shirts were the staple of 70s men’s fashion throughout most of the decade. Inspired by the hippy movement of the late sixties, this look, echoing the hippy dream of Free Love and optimism, did not fit with the closing years of the 70s, but mainstream fashion was unable to change. 70s Punk fashion Punk came to most people’s attention from 1977 onwards through the publicity surrounding the original Punk band, The Sex Pistols. The Sex Pistols’ promoter, Malcolm McLaren, together with his partner, designer Vivian Westwood, created the original Punk look. Their shop at 430 Kings Road, originally named ‘Let it Rock’, a Ted revival store, was called ‘Sex’ at the time the Sex Pistols band appeared. The look was based on a sexual fetish for black leather, mainly for its shock value, combined with ripped t-shirts carrying slogans designed to provoke. McLaren and Westwood changed their shop’s name again to ‘Seditionaries: Clothes for Heroes’ at the end of 1976. The new name heralded a wholly Punk outlook. The stock featured bondage trousers, bondage dresses and a new t-shirt featuring the Punk message, â€Å"Destroy†. Punk was a rejection of anything that was considered good taste. Ripped and bleached clothes were part of the look, as was spiked hair, dyed in bright colours. Black make up and safety pins as earrings were often worn. For most Punks, quite a few of whom were unemployed, the look could easily be created from modifying second-hand clothes rather than from a trip to the Kings Road. Punk itself lasted into the early 80s. Its importance though, was as a catalyst for change in the fashion world. Punk rejected the flared jeans and cheesecloth shirts which were popular mainstream fashion. It rejected the hippy style and the hippy view of the world. Vintage Punk fashion on eBay Late 70s fashion trends The end of the seventies saw the appearance of a number of youth cults formed formed in the wake of Punk. Amongst those was a revival of the Mod style of the sixties, as well as the Teddy Boy look of the fifties. Mainstream youth fashion also changed dramatically; the 1980 film, ‘Gregory’s Girl’ illustrates how quickly. One of Gregory’s mates, who is a year older, has left school and got a job as a window cleaner. He has saved his money to buy a white jacket with enormous lapels. Gregory’s contemporary, Steve, has a white jacket with lapels an inch wide. There was always a particular way to wear a school tie. In 1979 the knot was tied very near the wide end. The 3 inch long tie was tucked into a pullover, to give the impression it was a kipper tie. From 1980, it was folded in half length ways to reduce the width and pressed with an iron so it stayed put. By 1980, school ties were often worn ‘back to front’ so that the ‘thin end’ was prominent. The fat end was tucked into the school shirt, behind the knot. A bit uncomfortable, but very trendy. Al I was coming into my teens in 1979, but the punk look was still very much for the minority and most kids still had longish hair, shirts with big collars and flared trousers, although the flares were becoming smaller. Locally the mod revival at the end of 1979 killed off this fashion rather than punk. By 1981 seventies fashions and music had become a total joke and almost no one under 50 would be seen dead in flares. Even punk was being classed as old hat and too seventies. Glenn A High fashion was very different at the end of the 70s. Ralph Lauren designed the clothes for the hit Woody Allen film, ‘Annie Hall’ in 1977. There was a distinct 80s feel to the outfits worn by Annie (Diane Keaton), who wore crumpled socks, full skirts and layered jackets. Young people dropped flares and wide collars with breath taking speed. Older people were slower to change from the 70s look, but by around 1983, the archetypal 70s style was extinct. 70s fashion reference Fashion of the 70s is another great Taschen 25. It is packed with adverts from the decade. You will find flares, hot pants, platform soles, denim, slacks, microphone hairdos, wide collars and kipper ties. There is also a short introduction to fashion in the 70s. The book is colourful and very entertaining. The adverts are all American ones, but this does not detract much from a great piece of nostalgia. How to cite 70s Fashion Began Where the 60s Left Off, Papers

Case Study of Tommy & Keith Pte Ltd-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Please craft a letter to communicate your company's position as clearly as possible. Your letter should also be expressed in a style (deductive or inductive) to cater to the situation at hand. Answer: Tommy Keith Pte Ltd 900 Queens Avenue Hong Kong 14th February 2018 LEE LEE Pte Ltd 108 Tai Kok Tusi Road Hong Kong Dear Sirs 100 Units of Cousins Photocopier This is a letter in reference to the sale order that had been processed on the first week of May. Please let me highlight the contract specifications so that the particulars of the agreement or deal become clear between the two parties. It had been mentioned in the contract that the particular requirement for the company Lee Lee, had been the replacement of the hundred units of photocopiers in the office. The particular problem faced with the existing photocopiers had been that, they were a decade old and the paper trays inserted into the photocopier machines were not automated. This means that the paper trays had to be manually altered or removed when the paper sizes were changed from A4 to A3. Therefore, the primary condition of the agreement that is reflected in the contract is that the new photocopier machine should enable photocopying both A4 and A3 papers without the manual alteration of the paper trays. Another important condition that had been mentioned in the contract is that the photocopier machines should have complied with the required specifications and the photocop ier machines should be delivered within sixty days from the date of signing the contract, failing which would result in the payment of fine from the seller company. Now, it should be made clear that the both the conditions had been successfully met. This means that Tommy Keith Pte Ltd had made a delivery of a hundred photocopier machines within the first week of May. The major specification of the contract that the photocopier machine could photocopy both A3 and A4 sized papers without the manual change in trays had also been met. The photocopiers delivered by us facilitate the photocopy of the A3 sized paper with the mere pushing of a button. The machine has a manual feed slot for successful execution of photocopying the A3 sized papers. The need for the removal of the manual slot is not there in case of the delivered, COUSINS brand photocopier machines. Tommy Keith is an organization of much global repute. We deliver a majority of the photocopier machines in Hong Kong. Being, the sales director of the organization, it is my primary duty to convey the fact that until date there has been both positive and negative feedback in regards to our pr oducts. However, there has been no official complaint that the products, which we have delivered, are different from what has been mentioned in the agreement or contract of the company. Furthermore, for us the motto has always been that THE BUYER IS ALWAYS RIGHT. Therefore, the particular requirement that had been the facilitation of the photocopying of both A4 and A3 sized papers without the manual change in the trays had been successfully met. Moreover, there has been no mention in the contract about the delivery of the photocopy machines with dual trays. Though it is a fact that the organization, Tommy Keith had been clearing the single-tray copier units, that does not justify the allegation brought over by Lee Lee. Moreover, this is the fact that has enabled the company to provide the tender at such a cheap rate. It is a mistake on the part of your company that the required inspection of the product had not been conducted before signing of the contract. It should be noted here that no further units will be delivered to Lee Lee as the deal has been successfully closed. It was a pleasure serving you. Best Regards, Yours Faithfully, Sales Executive (Tommy Keith) Bibliography Alavi, H., 2016. Contractual restrictions on right of beneficiary to draw on a Letter of Credit; possible exception to principle of autonomy. International and Comparative Law Review, 16(2), pp.67-86. Fried, C., 2015. Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. Schwenzer, I., 2016. Global unification of contract law. Uniform Law Review, 21(1), pp.60-74. Wirtz, J., Tuzovic, S. and Ehret, M., 2015. Global business services: Increasing specialization and integration of the world economy as drivers of economic growth. Journal of Service Management, 26(4), pp.565-587

Black friday free essay sample

That with an occupy Black Friday or without a robust Christmas shopping season the economy could decline and more layoffs and pay cuts could result. He states, But theres also a point where healthy consumerism becomes out-of-control marketing-driven commodity fetishism. Referring to the Black Friday tradition as insanity. Criticizing retail moguls such as Kohls and Target, saying that the Crazy Target Lady is scary, wrong, and a lunatic. The way the Crazy Target Lady is proud of her OCD obsessive Christmas disorder is the reason people are trample each other to death. He compares her to America saying, She might be a lunatic, but its a culturally approve lunacy the kind that keeps the American engine of capitalism all stoked up. The fact that the message that keeps etting blasted across the TV is that we should all be more like her doing out patriotic duty. He reflects on the budding protest against many retail chains to start their Black Friday sales at midnight on Thanksgiving. We will write a custom essay sample on Black friday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He talks about the many petitions in circulation protesting the earlier start of Black Friday sales like Save Thanksgiving and Respect the Bird. He refers to the constant one-upping of retailers as dehumanizing and ridiculous. He calls Black Friday shoppers pre- programmed automations. Which seems to be an appropriate name because we ave allowed ourselves to become brainwasher by mindless Jingles and commercials. I have watched the Crazy Target Lady on commercials for the past several Black Friday shopping seasons. I laughed at her exercises to prepare for the big fight of shopping, but I never analyzed what the retailer was trying do. Which is try and get the public amped up for the shopping season. I hear on the news every year after Black Friday sells of customers and workers being hurt even killed. One story that really stuck with me was a guy was shot and killed in a California Toys R Us. He and another man were fighting over a toy, a toy, this man will never see his children again because he wanted to buy them a toy so badly he was willing to fight for it. I feel Mr. Leonard was very straight forwarded and said exactly as he felt which was a little hard to read at times but it needed to be said. When he was talking about people getting a full nights rest before going shopping, even if it means missing a sale or two and then ends the essay by stating but youll be a better human being. It made e compare Black Friday shopping to animals hunting in the wild for food. Animals hunt and fght for food for their survival so they dont starve to death. Humans on the other hand hunt and fight for a $99. 00 32 flat screen TV. It makes little sense to me. We have become such a backwards, materialistic nation that we camp out in front of Best Buy for weeks before Black Friday starts. I agree with Andrew that starting Black Friday sells at midnight Thanksgiving is laudable. He proposes the question, w does a Target employee forced to go to work at 11 p. m. n Thanksgiving have to give thanks for? I think we should all think about this question and really let it settle in. I believe we are such a divided nation finically. It seems that you either have money or you dont. The people who have dispensable money are the ones who stand in line for hours even days to go shopping and the ones who dont are the employees who are being forced to skip their Thanksgiving Day celebration and cater to the shoppers. And if thats not bad enough the employees even take the risk of never returning home due to the insanity of the shoppers.

Marketing Mix;Product,Place,Promotion,Price

Marketing Mix;Product,Place,Promotion,Price Free Online Research Papers A marketing mix defines the marketing strategy a business plans to use in order to sell their products or services to consumers. The marketing mix is a combination of the four P’s of marketing, known as the product, place, promotion and price. By reducing the elements of the marketing mix into these four categories, management can manage the marketing plan more efficiently and develop an effective marketing strategy. No one element of the marketing mix is more important than any other element. The objective of a business’s marketing strategy is to develop a successful marketing mix using an optimal combination of the four P’s. Product The first P, product, in the marketing mix involves determining the products or services to offer for sale. â€Å"The product area is concerned with developing the right â€Å"product† for the target market† (Perreault McCarthy, 2004, p. 38). The product refers to tangible products and intangible services. Marketing research is vital in developing the marketing mix and continues throughout the marketing process. Research allows the business to discover what products or services the consumer wants, needs or desires. â€Å"If you dont understand what the market needs first, you cant possibly put the Ps to work effectively† (Scott, 2004,  ¶2). The product category includes developing the physical good, the service or a combination of the two, which consumers want, need or desire. Developing the product can include making decisions regarding the features, accessories, quality, and benefits offered with the product. Other areas related to making decisions about the product or service includes installation, instructions and the warranty, if any, to provide with the product. Additional decisions regarding the product include creating a product line, designing the packaging and branding. Above all consumers must perceive a benefit in purchasing the product or service. Once a business has determined the products, services or combination of products and services to offer consumers, the next P of the marketing mix (the place) is determined. How will the business deliver the product to the consumer? Place Making decisions regarding the second P, the place, of the marketing mix involves more than simply determining the actual place the consumer can purchase the product or service. Of course, the means of distributing the products or services to the consumer requires research to determine the most advantageous place to sell the product or provide the service and is an important decision in the marketing mix. Business must decide whether to use inclusive, selective or exclusive distribution channels to deliver the product to consumers and manage those channels to the advantage of the business. However, businesses also must determine the methods of storing, transporting and handling the product. â€Å"The product must be available in the right place, at the right time and in the right quantity, while keeping storage, inventory and distribution costs to an acceptable level† (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009, p.5). Determining the desired amount of market exposure will help determine the distribution channel that is most appropriate for the product or service. The place also includes deciding the service levels associated with the product. If the business uses exclusive distribution channels, the service provided for the product may be offered at the place the product was purchased. However, if the business uses inclusive distribution channels, the service provided may be limited to a single centralized location. After determining the place category the decisions of how to inform the public of the product or service’s availability is the next step. Promotion The third P, promotion, involves educating the public, or more specifically the target market, and others of the availability and benefits of the product or service the business is offering for sale. Whether the business is introducing the product or service for the first time or reminding the consumer of the product or service’s availability a promotion campaign is an essential tool to the success of the marketing strategy. Promotion of a product or service includes advertising, sale promotions, a sales force, and publicity. Determining whether to advertise on television, radio, the internet, in print or a combination of some or all, is important to ensure the desired market segment is aware of the product or service. Notifying the target market of the availability of the product or service in order to make sales is the primary goal of promoting the product. The promotion category can incorporate sales promotions such as discounts, coupons or contest to entice consumers to tr y the product or service. Another aspect of promotion involves the sales force. The sales force may or may not be employees of the business, however, they represent the product or service to the consumer. Lastly, publicity, which is any form of unpaid advertising, is important in order to help shape the public’s opinion of the product or service offered and the business. â€Å"Promotion must gain attention, be appealing, tell a consistent message and above all else give the customer a reason to choose your product rather than someone else’s† (The Chartered Institute of Marketing, 2009, p. 5).The promotion educates the target market on the value of the product or service and helps determine the price the business will charge. Price Determining the price consumers are willing to pay and the price a business must charge in order to cover fixed and variable costs for production of the product or providing the service is the final P of the marketing mix. The first three P’s (product, place and promotion) contribute fixed and variable costs to the price of the product. Determining the price to charge for a product or service requires research to answer the following questions. 1. How much is the consumer willing to pay for the product or service offered? 2. What is the competition charging for the same or similar product or service? 3. Does the business need to consider including an intermediary markup in the price? 4. What are the fixed and variable costs associated with the product or service? 5. How much profit does the business require in order to continue offering the product or service? 6. Should the business use a pricing strategy such as penetration pricing, skimming, loss leaders, competitive pricing or psychological pricing, or consider other pricing strategies? While the list of questions above is not all-inclusive, it will provide a sound starting point for determining the price of the product or service. The price communicates to the consumer the value the business places on the product or service. A price set too low may communicate the product is of poor quality or the service is substandard. A price set too high may communicate the business is trying to gouge consumers by charging too much for the product or service that can be obtained at a lower price from a competitor. Every business, whether offering a product or service, stands to improve on their success by researching, planning, monitoring and adjusting their marketing mix. Applying the Marketing Mix Businesses of every type use the marketing mix to promote and profit from their product or service while bringing value to the consumer. For example, the rental housing industry provides consumers with a place to live in exchange for rental payments. The product is an apartment or other type of housing. In order to be competitive, management of available rental properties have the unit (product) cleaned, freshly painted and ensure items are in working order before presenting their product to the consumer. The location (place) of the rental property helps determine the number of potential consumers and the amount consumers are willing to pay. An apartment community located in an undesirable neighborhood will not be able to demand rental rates equal to those communities located in areas that are more desirable. Promoting the availability of rental property can include print advertising in newspapers, the internet or magazines designed specifically to inform renters of the various apart ment communities of a specific area. Along with print advertising, promotional campaigns often include rent specials or discounts. The price an apartment community charges is dependent on the current rental market. Market surveys provide management with the going rental rates of comparable apartment communities and any discounts offered. These market surveys are used to determine the rental rates the apartment community will charge consumers. While this is an abbreviated explanation of the four Ps in action, the basic concept is the same for every type of business. Product, place, promotion and price are essential elements in the exchange of value between the consumer and the business receiving something of value to replace the product. Conclusion Ensuring the marketing mix is made up of an optimal level of the four Ps will assist in the success of the business. One important factor in combining the four Ps is to ensure they are sending the same message. You do not want to promote an exclusive, expensive product such as a Ferrari or a Rolex to a below median income market segment. â€Å"For instance, make sure that if you have a practice that caters to a niche market that your product is geared towards the need of that market, your price is within the budget of that market, you are distributing your product or service where it will be seen by that market, and gear your promotion to solve the problems that they are encountering† (Lake, 2009,  ¶8). The product, place, promotion and price combine to bring something of value to the consumer in exchange for something of value to the business. References: Lake, L. (2009). Developing your marketing mix. Retrieved September 4, 2009 from http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingplanandstrategy/a/marketingmix.htm Perreault, Jr., W. D., McCarthy, E. J. (2005). Basic marketing. Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection Database. Scott, D. M. (2004). Buying sellingbut what about marketing?. EContent, 27(4), 48. Retrieved September 5, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. The Chartered Institute of Marketing. (2009). Marketing and the 7 Ps. Retrieved September 4, 2009, from cim.co.uk/resources/understandingmarket/definitionmkting.aspx Research Papers on Marketing Mix;Product,Place,Promotion,PriceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part One

Learning Centers in Elementary Education Research Paper

Learning Centers in Elementary Education - Research Paper Example Making my students work independently is a process where I will try to cultivate a culture with the help of the strategies I propose below. Firstly, I will not follow the traditional teacher’s practice of instinctively helping students most of the time, a habit which will most likely develop a tendency to depend too much on the teacher. Unless I refrain from it on a daily basis, the students will get the message that I will interfere whenever there is a problem. For instance, I will give the students academic choice that has been suggested in education research as a way to cultivate motivated learners (Gottfried, 1985). For instance, I will encourage them to find answers to questions that they raise. This will equip the students with tools to solve any difficulty that might arise while they are working at the learning centers. Choice, however, has to be balanced with control to some extent (Boud, 1988). Control, in my opinion, is not direct but exercised indirectly to facilitate independence. To illustrate, reorganising classroom space is one way to reduce dependency on teacher. If students know where to look for supplies, for instance, they will not have to interrupt the teacher. This is a strategy to reduce potential problems that usually make students seek teacher’s help. Structured learning also helps as it has features of control and choice. I will set up well-structured learning activities as learning centers tasks and ask them to make choices within that framework. I consider such frameworks as providing scope for independent work within boundaries that the need for teacher’s support becomes least likely. This includes providing all the materials needed on the learning activity and clear rules and expectations of behavior (Reeve & Jang, 2006). One way to teach the behavioral expectations is to do role-plays. I will also check understanding by asking questions to them

Managing people in team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing people in team - Essay Example Problem-solving skills are essential in this case since the team is made up of individuals with different views and interests thus bound to conflict. One question though that lingers on most organisations is how to manage a teams performance. Who should be credited for team’s success, is it the manager or the workers? This is an issue that has received considerable debate over the years. Adam Smith considered managers as ‘principle clerks’ thus assuming away any role for managers (Berri, Leeds, Leeds & Mondello, 2009). The workers were believed to be the ones contributing to success. Early researchers differentiated managers from entrepreneurs and viewed entrepreneurs as more active in ensuring productivity. However, recent studies have started acknowledging the role played by managers in improving productivity and ensuring workers are always motivated. Another crucial role is that of team leaders. These are entrusted with leading the group to success and as such have a big role to play in ensuring team effectiveness. The aim of this report is to evaluate the role of managers in overseeing performance as well as the importance of leadership role in team performance. This will entail interviewing managers of two organisations to find out their views on how they manage and lead their teams in eliciting excellent performance. Marks and Spencer is one of UK’s leading retailers of clothing, food, home products and financial services. It has an employee base of 78,000 employees in the UK and abroad and serves 21 million customers. It has more than 700 UK stores and a turnover of  £8 billion. It is committed to offering superior quality products to its customers at attractive prices (Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2013). This is enhanced by its various teams which are headed by sectional managers as well as retail managers. Bluebird Garments is a textile company situated in the UK. It has a total of 2000 employees who are involved in

Programming Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Programming Languages - Essay Example Whereas, the other authors have categorized the computer languages keeping in view the different aspects of the computer language including programming paradigm. The categories include: the procedural programming languages, structured programming languages, object oriented programming languages, functional programming languages, event driven programming, compiled and interpreted computer programming languages (Hurst, n.d). The computer languages are based on the syntax and semantic rules. It is pertinent to compare the programming languages based on the categories of the languages as well as predefined comparison criteria should be used. The paper focuses on three (3) main categories of the computer programming languages and presents an introduction to the programming languages, types of the programming languages, comparison of the programming languages, design and implementation phases of the programming languages and a conclusion based on critical analysis of the programming langua ges. Computer Programming languages Classification Computer programming languages have been developed to solve the human problems effectively and efficiently. Different categories of the programming languages accept, translate, and execute the instructions in diverse manners. Consider the ‘high level languages’, the programmers / coders write code in a more human understandable language as per the predefined syntax of the selected programming language platform. In other words, the ‘high level languages’ are developed so that the human beings can easily understand and use them. It is pertinent to mention here that there are three (3) models for execution of the ‘high level languages’ include: interpretation, compilation and translation. The interpretation refers to the execution of code without its compilation and requires an interpreter to interpret the code into machine language. The compilation refers to the translation of the code into execu table form by using either machine code generation technique or intermediate representation technique. Keeping in view the above facts, it is scrutinized that the ‘high level languages’ can further be classified based on the execution models they adopt to execute the program / code. Furthermore, it can be stated that the ‘high level languages’ are slow as compared to the assembly and machine languages. The high level programming languages include: C, C++, FORTRAN, Java, etc. The assembly languages are low level computer programming languages which directly correspond to the computer architecture. The assembly languages are computer architecture dependent in contrast to the ‘high level languages’ which can be ported across multiple different systems. The computer does not understand the assembly language; therefore, the programs created in the assembly languages require assemblers to convert the code into executable machine code. In Assembly lan guage the programmers use the symbolic computer addresses which are converted into the absolute addresses by the assembler. As compared to the ‘high level languages’, the assembly languages are difficult to understand and learn by human beings. The examples of the assembly language include: the AUTOCODER (usable for IBM mainframe systems), FASM (Flat Assembler), MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler), etc. The third (3rd) main classification of the programming langu

The Symbol Veil In Muslim Women Religion Essay

The Symbol Veil In Muslim Women Religion Essay This research paper aims to define the symbol veil in Muslim women. Aside from being a form of dress or hijab, it bears symbols of their oppression, social control, religious sanctions, invisibility and socio-political status, according to Watson. This has been an almost global concern for a sense of freedom. In Saudi Arabia and some parts of Asia alone as well as North Africa, countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt and Northern Cameroon practice Islam as a monotheistic religion with Quran as their religious text and Muslims as followers. Wherein, its women have been the part of a continuous discussion. Topics include the issue of the veil and how groups have been separated into account of maintaining its practice or not. Some admits a total ignorance of their religion and culture, while there are Islamic feminists who have shown a passion to reclaiming the emancipatory message of the Quran on using veils as part of the earliest traditions in Muslim communities. Such a scenario has attracted angers and frustrations in retort to the deliberate racism afflicted on Muslims especially in US colonies. Moreover, when Muslim women use veils showing a pictogram of ignorance and oppression, it has given fear to the younger population. Following patriarchy means having power over womens lives and in this lieu, these Muslim women wants to free themselves from its bonds. They want others to see themselves as an active part of the community vying for the same equal rights that allows them to be its members, workers as well as reformists. If the static colonial image of a Muslim woman wearing a veil does not improve in the future, they can deny their own culture and faith in religion. Chapters What is a Veil? A veil is a piece of loose, opaque, non-distinctive clothing wrapped around the body in modest to be able to hide a wearers head, torso and ankles, but leaving the face, hands and feet exposed (Hoodfar, 1992.) In Muslim women, it is called (Woodlock, 2000) hijab, a simple headscarf. Why should they wear a veil? It is part of their identity. On the other hand, Arab men are required to wear the keffiyeh, a traditional square cotton cloth that is use as a headdress. Other names are (ya)shmagh, ghutrah, hattah or mashadah (Kaitlin, 2008.) Importantly, a veil is worn as a religious item in the Islam faith, because members show demonstrates honor to an object or space. In Quranic verse, it means that there is a definition of separation in the sacred from the mundane. In the entire practice of Islam dress codes, its women members compete to gain a whole and complete image on being a pure and dedicated mother, sister, sister-in-law or daughter of their faith (Billaud, 2009.) Before, all members were asks to wear a veil, but with the entry of westernization and colonization there was a separation of responsibilities to wear one (Hoodfar, 1992.) Among the Arab urban elite, men began to copy new ways to dressing from their traditional keffiyeh. Yet, there are also a small percentage of Muslim women following the same pattern (Hoodfar, 1992.) The veil also underwent varied changes to fashions through out history. Some reasons entitle wearing a veil to show respect on conventional values or there are others who uses this to beautify their faces with make-up. Nevertheless, there have been other negative connotations to the symbol of a veil to which it can show a fundamentalist Islam in equal terms on extremism or terrorism (Van Santen, 2010.) Today, it bears a political meaning. Yet, Muslim women still continue to defend this choice. Its Origins and Language The practice of wearing a veil in seclusion of women comes from a pre-Islamic and non-Arab Middle Eastern and Mediterranean society tradition. If we trace along the history line, the first instance to veiling dates back to the 13th century BC in an Assyrian legal text. During that time, only respectable women are permitted to wear veils, wherein prostitutes are not allowed wear a veil (Hoodfar, 1992.) It was a sign of status and a part of the elite ways in ancient Greeco, Roman, pre-Islamic Iranian and Byzantine empires. After then, Muslims was able to seclude a life from the conquered regions and followed traditions in wearing veils. Nowadays, both non-Muslims and Muslims recognize this way as an Islamic phenomenon. Even if in the Quran, there are no specific mentions of the veil. Examples of descriptions, but not directly mentioning the use of veil, are Surah al Nur verses 30 31. This requires women to cover their chests and jewelry, which also means to wrap their whole body in clothing. Adding to this is Surah al Ahzab verse 59, that asks the Prophet wives to enveloped tightly their bodies, because they are should not be recognized, disturbed and molested outside. Though modern critics have rationalized that others also follow this form of dress, it was not until Safavids period of influence that the symbol status of veils was seen in the Muslim ruling class and urban elite. In 19th century, it was promoted as a major Muslim symbol, which members have fought for in the name of Islam and not for protecting culture practices. Honor, Veiling and Etiquette in Afghanistan No Muslim woman can embody the face of Islam. Any insight to wearing a veil does not account for a completely understanding on the faith of Muslim women. The point of discussing its purposes and symbolism is to keep an open-mind and listen (Kaitlin, 2008.) The veiling practices widely differ from regions, ethnics or social groups. In Afganistan, a veil is corresponds to honor (Billaud, 2009.) In here, a woman shows a devotion to the honor system through doing a pardah5 that can comprise of wrapping her head and hiding from unrelated men. When she does this, there is also a proud bearance to the honor of her male relatives or namus. Hence, in this region, a veil is symbolizing of a male-female connection in terms of relationships and balance in natural inclinations or nafs. Furthermore, the multitude of veil chadari colors is also another thing to interpret. On top this variations, a veil is also a way in the isolation of unrelated men and women in Afghanistan. Examples of these persons are the ones not affiliated with the same korwal or the inhabitants sharing a home. The society puts a difference between its private and public members, wherein a dakhili (the private sphere or home) is secluded and the biruni (outside world) is permitted to recognition. Moreover, the practice of namus allows a certain power from men that allow them to control women, which confine their manners when seen outside. If you are there, you can here men saying: Zan namus e mas (The woman is our honour) (Billaud, 2009.) Similar to soldiers saying: Watan namus e mas (The nation is our honour.) During the time that a woman steps outside of her home, she wears a veil and go with a mahram or a male relative to be able to defend her honor as part of the Afghanistan etiquette. Veiled Performance and Politics In modern times, the Islamic feminists have shown great efforts to reclaiming the emancipatory message of their Quran. They also want to gain back the rights that were bestowed upon them in the earliest Muslim communities (Falah Nagel, 2005.) Islamic regions have shared their own stories for this matter. Here are some of them: Politics in Afghanistan the new Islamic Republic has allowed its clothing and veiling practices to be under political category, which are mandatory to women to reach out to the public. Now, there are similarities between the image of parliamentary women and female university students that are Muslims in Afghanistan and whom displays a modern yet Muslim persona. The latter renounce the womens issues just to protect the practice of wearing their veils. Hence, Afghanistan women are divided into 2 categories: the conservative or nationalist and liberal women (Billaud, 2009.) 2. Irans De-veiling Law this was promulgated during the taking place of a rapid social change from a mayhem on its national economy; results of negative impact on the public, social, and leisure activities of its urban women; going to weekly ablutions in an offending feeling of nakedness; and a social implication bestowed on young women students when not wearing a scarf in public wherein parents hindered entry to schools (Hoodfar, 1992.) 3. Struggles in Northern Cameroon this shows an account to an image seen on Muslim women that they are a homogeneous category. To which, in public schools, wearing of a headgear is asked to be taken off inside the premises as required by the laic prescriptions of Cameroons constitution. Though there is no buzz on this matter. In this lieu, men choose to enter schools were veiling is allowed, while women opt for education (van Santen, 2010.) Womens Rights Activists Situations The Revolutionary Association of the Women in Afghanistan In the manner, a lot of womens rights activists, while opposing the need in veiling of women under chadari, used the practice to enjoy freedom of movement while carrying out tasks. The chadari was a symbol of womens oppression, but now in cultural norms, they were able to be active citizens fighting for a change in the community. The said hadari was a guarantee of womens protection in Afghanistan, wherein they need the veil during travelling to remote areas where security was often tight. In this lieu, the Revolutionary Association of the Women in Afghanistan is a very good example of a group with an instrumental nature of the chadari in inline with the goals of being politically engaged women (Billaud, 2009.) For certain their records are part of history under the human and womens rights. The Taliban realizes this under the chadari. When working in rural areas, this was worn for security reasons, during times that people tended to be suspicious on persons from the outside world. This was a strategy used by Rahela6, who is a member of the Afghan Womens Network, when she taught mullahs on womens rights in rural areas. She said, At first, it was difficult for us, women, to approach mullahs. They were reluctant to talk to us. But they gradually got used to us. By wearing chadari, we eventually gained their respect. Egyptian Feminist Movement in the 1920s Disobedience of the patriarchy can be seen in the de veiling act started by the Egyptian feminist movement during the 1920s and to the same situation resistance happening for a call to compulsory veiling in Iran. In here, we can see that aside from being a part of culture and religion, the veil can also be a form and symbol of resistance, for example in the case of the anti Shah movement that took place in Iran. In the same context, there were a number of Islam feminists Muslim women in Canada who have used the veil and reference to Islam during their stay in the country, because they wanted to resist some of the cultural practices that their forefathers have believed, like arranged marriages or far away educations from home without secluding from their parents and communities. Though, in Egypt, a lot veiled Muslim women use it as an instrument of mediation significantly seen from Muslim minority cultures and those of host cultures. Strangely enough, Western colonies reactions to Muslim women, as seen through the eyes of an Orientalist and colonialist frame, sets barricades on the customs and traditions of Muslim women to be difficult and opposite to their usual way of lives (Hoodfar, 1992.) Conclusion In conclusion, the veil is not so significant, after all, but it is who wears it that lies in importance. When in public, a Muslim woman shows people who see her in the outside world a marginal status that is of respect and honor. Not for culture and religion causes or even fashion. The series of incidents mentioned this paper have made me apprehend why a lot of young Muslim women today are so angry and have decided to fight for their rights together with other believers of Islam. This research paper aims define the symbol veil in Muslim women. According Watson in 1994, OR NON-MUSLIM WRITERS, THE VEIL IS VARIOUSLY DESCRIBED AS A TANGIBLE SYMBOL OF WOMENS OPPRESSION, A CONSTRAINING AND CONSTRICTING FORM OF DRESS, AND A FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL, RELIGIOUSLY SANCTIONING WOMENS INVISIBILITY AND SUBORDINATE SOCILA-POLITICAL STATUS. I did not want to diminish or question the religious beliefs of the Muslim women in Islamic communities, but rather to underline and put emphasis on the possibilities that can be resulting through the reiteration of these feminine ceremonials. Since, it would be like a forever burden or mistake if the veil is lessened in reputation and disrespected in symbolism, which are its instrumental functions to the women, especially the young students in schools. Though, talking about the topic of veil, it was enough to see in it a pure religious expression. Reverence and dissimulation for it were indeed political gestures in my side that place defense on it as the necessary social make-up for women to be seen and heard through the public scenario. Moreover, if the Western colonies will only have a deeper analysis of Muslim womens motives and actions in their practicing their beliefs, efforts by these women can be recognized as strategies and adaption in relationship with them, displaying diff erent roles in the foreign community that should be basing on to the different Western citizen they wished to address themselves.

Economics Review :: Economics Cheat Sheet

Economics Review Chapter 1 Section 1 1. Economics: study of how individuals & nations make choices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfill their needs & wants. 2. Scarcity: state in which people don’t & cannot have enough income, time, or other resources to satisfy. 3. Factors of production: resources of land, labor, capital, & entrepreneurship used to produce goods & services. 4. Entrepreneurship: ability to start new businesses, to introduce new products, & techniques. Section 2 1. Trade-off: exchanging one thing for the use of another, often making unavoidable choices because of the problem of scarcity. 2. Opportunity cost: value of the next best alternative given up for the alternative that was chosen. Section 3 1. Economy: all activity in a nation that affects the production, distribution, & use of goods & services. 2. Economic model: simplified representation of the real world which shows people’s reactions to changes in the economy; theory. 3. Values: beliefs or characteristics that an individual or group considers important. Chapter 2 Section 1 1. Traditional economic system: economic systems are based on customs, beliefs, & ways of doing things that have been passed down from generation to generation. 2. Command economic system: the government controls the factors of production & makes all decisions about their use; also called controlled economy. 3. Market economic system: individuals own the factors of production & make economic decisions through free interaction – government doesn’t intervene. 4. Distribution of income: money payment for work, the amount of health care, education, food, & so on, that each person receives; distribution of goods & services among all members of an economic system. Section 2 1. Capitalism: private individuals own the factors of production and decide how to use them within the limits of the law; market economic system & free enterprise system. 2. Free enterprise system: individuals own the factors of production & decide how to use them within legal limits. 3. Profit: money left after all the costs of production – wages, rent, interest, & taxes have been paid. 4. Profit incentive: desire to make money that motivates people to produce & sell goods & services that others ant to buy. 5. Competition: rivalry among producers or sellers of similar goods to win more business by offering the lowest prices or better quality. Section 3 1. Standard of living: material well-being of an individual, group, or nation measured by the average value of goods & services used by the average citizen during a given period of time.